TY - JOUR
T1 - 5 km front crawl in pool and open water swimming
T2 - breath-by-breath energy expenditure and kinematic analysis
AU - Zacca, Rodrigo
AU - Neves, Vânia
AU - da Silva Oliveira, Tiago
AU - Soares, Susana
AU - Rama, Luís Manuel Pinto Lopes
AU - de Souza Castro, Flávio Antônio
AU - Vilas-Boas, João Paulo
AU - Pyne, David B
AU - Fernandes, Ricardo J
PY - 2020/9/1
Y1 - 2020/9/1
N2 - PURPOSE: Breath-by-breath energy expenditure during open water swimming has not yet been explored in an ecological environment. This study aimed to investigate and compare energetics and kinematics of 5 km swimming, in both swimming pool and open water conditions.METHODS: Through four independent studies, oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]2) kinetics, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([La-]) and glucose level (BGL), metabolic power ([Formula: see text]), energy cost (C) and kinematics were assessed during 5 km front crawl trials in a swimming pool and open water conditions. A total of 38 competitive open water swimmers aged 16-27 years volunteered for this four part investigation: Study A (pool, ten females, 11 males), Study B (pool, four females, six males), Study C (pool case study, one female) and Study D (open water, three females, four males).RESULTS: In the swimming pool, swimmers started with an above average swimming speed (v), losing efficiency along the 5 km, despite apparent homeostasis for [La-], BGL, [Formula: see text]2, [Formula: see text] and C. In open water, swimmers started the 5 km with a below average v, increasing the stroke rate (SR) in the last 1000 m. In open water, [Formula: see text]2 kinetics parameters, HR, [La-], BGL, respiratory exchange ratio and C were affected by the v and SR fluctuations along the 5 km.CONCLUSIONS: Small fluctuations were observed for energetic variables in both conditions, but changes in C were lower in swimming pool than in open water. Coaches should adjust the training plan accordingly to the specificity of open water swimming.
AB - PURPOSE: Breath-by-breath energy expenditure during open water swimming has not yet been explored in an ecological environment. This study aimed to investigate and compare energetics and kinematics of 5 km swimming, in both swimming pool and open water conditions.METHODS: Through four independent studies, oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]2) kinetics, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([La-]) and glucose level (BGL), metabolic power ([Formula: see text]), energy cost (C) and kinematics were assessed during 5 km front crawl trials in a swimming pool and open water conditions. A total of 38 competitive open water swimmers aged 16-27 years volunteered for this four part investigation: Study A (pool, ten females, 11 males), Study B (pool, four females, six males), Study C (pool case study, one female) and Study D (open water, three females, four males).RESULTS: In the swimming pool, swimmers started with an above average swimming speed (v), losing efficiency along the 5 km, despite apparent homeostasis for [La-], BGL, [Formula: see text]2, [Formula: see text] and C. In open water, swimmers started the 5 km with a below average v, increasing the stroke rate (SR) in the last 1000 m. In open water, [Formula: see text]2 kinetics parameters, HR, [La-], BGL, respiratory exchange ratio and C were affected by the v and SR fluctuations along the 5 km.CONCLUSIONS: Small fluctuations were observed for energetic variables in both conditions, but changes in C were lower in swimming pool than in open water. Coaches should adjust the training plan accordingly to the specificity of open water swimming.
KW - Energetics
KW - Human locomotion
KW - Open water
KW - Oxygen uptake kinetics
KW - Swimming
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85087017652&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/3c58546e-feed-309b-8f60-d7d219064b9b/
U2 - 10.1007/s00421-020-04420-7
DO - 10.1007/s00421-020-04420-7
M3 - Article
C2 - 32591994
SN - 1439-6319
VL - 120
SP - 2005
EP - 2018
JO - European Journal of Applied Physiology
JF - European Journal of Applied Physiology
IS - 9
ER -
