A Practical Approach to Optimizing Support for Elite Athletes Using Performance Determinants and Moderating Factors

BACKGROUND: Elite athlete support can involve substantial testing and monitoring data. A practical and meaningful framework can help practitioners optimize service delivery.

PURPOSE: We present the concepts of performance determinants and moderating factors and emphasize prioritization of macroscopic (visually observable) measures for effective application in sports where direct athlete interaction is minimal.

METHODS: We advocate that performance determinants are measures that must be enhanced to improve the targeted outcome, such as 100-m sprint time (example herein). In this case, the determinants comprise relevant sprint-specific measures-acceleration time, maximal velocity, and maintenance, with secondary determinants derived from nonsprinting measures (eg, jumping relative power, reactive strength)-identified in the sports literature and endorsed by the support team. Moderating factors involve measures that must be maintained at an optimal level to positively influence determinant factors and overall performance. Reaction time, early acceleration time, mechanics (technical elements) in different phases, maximal strength, neuromuscular status, and body composition are all relevant factors. For effective implementation, a 3-stage process (CEO - consultation, evaluation, and optimization) is proposed to integrate training/coaching and performance support, with active involvement of coaches, athletes, and staff to ensure clarity, buy-in, and timely individualized adjustments. Other considerations include the structure of team support, work arrangements (eg, integrated support), and support delivery strategies (eg, embedded services), all of which require systematic planning, commitment of key personnel, and regular internal review.

CONCLUSIONS: This approach enables effective, actionable performance support for elite athletes and coaches. Changes in athlete performance should be interpretable through the identified performance determinants and moderating factors.