An assessment of the physiological response of weeds to herbicide application

Herbicide application is one of the most widely used weed management tools. Though herbicides are effective at killing plants (specifically weeds), their application can result in variable levels of control, and uptake rates, as well as damage to non-target plants (i.e. off-target damage). The effectiveness of herbicide application in the field is typically assessed using visual estimations of the level of damage observed, either to individual leaves or whole plants, using a series of pre-determined categories (e.g.