Biological sex does not independently influence core temperature change and sweating of children exercising in uncompensable heat stress

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of biological sex, independent of differences in aerobic fitness and body fatness, on the change in gastrointestinal temperature (DT _gi) and whole body sweat rate (WBSR) of children exercising under uncompensable heat stress. Seventeen boys (means ± SD; 13.7 ± 1.3 yr) and 18 girls (13.7 ± 1.4 yr) walked for 45 min at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production per kg body mass (8 W·kg ^-1) in 40 ^̊C and 30% relative humidity. Sex and peak oxygen consumption (V ^_ O _2peak) were entered into a Bayesian hierarchical general additive model (HGAM) for T _gi. Sex, V ^_ O _2peak, and the evaporative requirement for heat balance (E _req) were entered into a Bayesian hierarchical linear regression for WBSR. For 26 (12 M and 14 F) of the 35 children with measured body composition, body fat percentage was entered in a separate HGAM and hierarchical linear regression for T _gi and WBSR, respectively. Conditional on sex-specific mean V ^_ O _2peak, DT _gi was 1.00 ^̊C [90% credible intervals (Crl): 0.84, 1.16] for boys and 1.17 ^̊C [1.01, 1.33] for girls, with a difference of 0.17 ^̊C [-0.39, 0.06]. When sex differences in V ^_ O _2peak were accounted for, the difference in DT _gi between boys and girls was 0.01 ^̊C [-0.25, 0.22]. The difference in WBSR between boys and girls was 0.03 L·h ^-1 [-0.02, 0.07], when isolated from differences in E _req. The difference in DT _gi between boys and girls was -0.10 ^̊C [-0.38, 0.17] when sex differences in body fat (%) were accounted for. Biological sex did not independently influence the DT _gi and WBSR of children exercising under uncompensable heat stress. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Limited studies have investigated the thermoregulatory responses of boys and girls exercising under uncompensable heat stress. Boys and girls often differ in physiological characteristics other than biological sex, such as aerobic fitness and body fat percentage, which may confound interpretations. We investigated the influence of biological sex on exercise thermoregulation in children, independent of differences in aerobic fitness and body fatness.