TY - JOUR
T1 - CO2 exposure, ventilation, thermal comfort and health risks in low-income home kitchens of twelve global cities
AU - Kumar, Prashant
AU - Hama, Sarkawt
AU - Abbass, Rana Alaa
AU - Nogueira, Thiago
AU - Brand, Veronika S.
AU - Wu, Huai Wen
AU - Abulude, Francis Olawale
AU - Adelodun, Adedeji A.
AU - de Fatima Andrade, Maria
AU - Asfaw, Araya
AU - Aziz, Kosar Hama
AU - Cao, Shi Jie
AU - El-Gendy, Ahmed
AU - Indu, Gopika
AU - Kehbila, Anderson Gwanyebit
AU - Mustafa, Fryad
AU - Muula, Adamson S.
AU - Nahian, Samiha
AU - Nardocci, Adelaide Cassia
AU - Nelson, William
AU - Ngowi, Aiwerasia V.
AU - Olaya, Yris
AU - Omer, Khalid
AU - Osano, Philip
AU - Salam, Abdus
AU - Shiva Nagendra, S. M.
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was carried out under the framework of the ‘Clean Air Engineering for Homes (CArE-Homes)’ and the ‘Knowledge Transfer and Practical application of research on Indoor Air Quality (KTP-IAQ)’ projects, funded by the University of Surrey's Research England under the Global Challenge Research Fund (GCRF) programme. The authors thank William Apondo, Tesfaye Mamo, Steve Manyozo, Jenny Martinez, George Njoroge, Md Riad Sarkar Pavel, Cynthia Sitati and Erik Luan Costa Santos for helping with data collection in the different cities.
Funding Information:
This study was carried out under the framework of the ‘Clean Air Engineering for Homes (CArE-Homes)’ and the ‘Knowledge Transfer and Practical application of research on Indoor Air Quality (KTP-IAQ)’ projects, funded by the University of Surrey's Research England under the Global Challenge Research Fund (GCRF) programme. The authors thank William Apondo, Tesfaye Mamo, Steve Manyozo, Jenny Martinez, George Njoroge, Md Riad Sarkar Pavel, Cynthia Sitati and Erik Luan Costa Santos for helping with data collection in the different cities.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors
PY - 2022/12/1
Y1 - 2022/12/1
N2 - In-kitchen air pollution is a leading environmental issue, attributable to extensive cooking, poor ventilation and the use of polluting fuels. We carried out a week-long monitoring of CO2, temperature and relative humidity (RH) in five low-income residential kitchens of 12 global cities (Dhaka, Chennai, Nanjing, Medellín, São Paulo, Cairo, Sulaymaniyah, Addis Ababa, Nairobi, Blantyre, Akure and Dar-es-Salaam). During cooking, the average in-kitchen CO2 concentrations were 22.2% higher than the daily indoor average. Also, the highest CO2 was observed for NVd (natural ventilation-door only; 711 ± 302 ppm), followed by NVdw (natural ventilation-door + window; 690 ± 319 ppm) and DVmn (dual ventilation-mechanical + natural; 677 ± 219 ppm). Using LPG and electric appliances during cooking exhibited 32.2% less CO2 than kerosene. Larger kitchens (46–120 m3) evinced 28% and 20% less CO2 than medium (16–45 m3) and small (4–15 m3) ones, respectively. In-kitchen CO2 with >2 occupants during cooking was 7% higher than that with one occupant. 87% of total kitchens exceeded the ASHRAE standard (RH >40%, temperature >23 °C) for thermal comfort. Considering the ventilation type, both the ACH (air change rate per hour) and ventilation rate followed the order: NVdw > NVd > DVmn, while the trend for weekly average CO2 concentration was NVd > DVmn > NVdw. Larger kitchens presented 22% and 28% less ACH, and 82% and 190% higher ventilation rate than medium- and small-volume ones, respectively. Forty-three percent kitchens had ACH <3 h−1 and ventilation rate <4 L/s/person, hence violated the conditions for ideal ventilation. Moreover, 10% of the Hazard Ratio values for 25% kitchens exceeded the CO2 reference value (1000 ppm). Consequently, our findings prompted several recommendations towards improving in-kitchen ventilation and environmental conditions of low-income homes.
AB - In-kitchen air pollution is a leading environmental issue, attributable to extensive cooking, poor ventilation and the use of polluting fuels. We carried out a week-long monitoring of CO2, temperature and relative humidity (RH) in five low-income residential kitchens of 12 global cities (Dhaka, Chennai, Nanjing, Medellín, São Paulo, Cairo, Sulaymaniyah, Addis Ababa, Nairobi, Blantyre, Akure and Dar-es-Salaam). During cooking, the average in-kitchen CO2 concentrations were 22.2% higher than the daily indoor average. Also, the highest CO2 was observed for NVd (natural ventilation-door only; 711 ± 302 ppm), followed by NVdw (natural ventilation-door + window; 690 ± 319 ppm) and DVmn (dual ventilation-mechanical + natural; 677 ± 219 ppm). Using LPG and electric appliances during cooking exhibited 32.2% less CO2 than kerosene. Larger kitchens (46–120 m3) evinced 28% and 20% less CO2 than medium (16–45 m3) and small (4–15 m3) ones, respectively. In-kitchen CO2 with >2 occupants during cooking was 7% higher than that with one occupant. 87% of total kitchens exceeded the ASHRAE standard (RH >40%, temperature >23 °C) for thermal comfort. Considering the ventilation type, both the ACH (air change rate per hour) and ventilation rate followed the order: NVdw > NVd > DVmn, while the trend for weekly average CO2 concentration was NVd > DVmn > NVdw. Larger kitchens presented 22% and 28% less ACH, and 82% and 190% higher ventilation rate than medium- and small-volume ones, respectively. Forty-three percent kitchens had ACH <3 h−1 and ventilation rate <4 L/s/person, hence violated the conditions for ideal ventilation. Moreover, 10% of the Hazard Ratio values for 25% kitchens exceeded the CO2 reference value (1000 ppm). Consequently, our findings prompted several recommendations towards improving in-kitchen ventilation and environmental conditions of low-income homes.
KW - CArE-homes project
KW - CO and ventilation
KW - Low-income homes
KW - Sustainable development goals
KW - Sustainable urban design
KW - Thermal comfort
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85138477308&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105254
DO - 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105254
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85138477308
SN - 2352-7102
VL - 61
SP - 1
EP - 26
JO - Journal of Building Engineering
JF - Journal of Building Engineering
M1 - 105254
ER -