TY - JOUR
T1 - GEMAS
T2 - Chemical weathering of silicate parent materials revealed by agricultural soil of Europe
AU - The GEMAS Project Team
AU - Négrel, Philippe
AU - Ladenberger, Anna
AU - Reimann, Clemens
AU - Demetriades, Alecos
AU - Birke, Manfred
AU - Sadeghi, Martiya
AU - Albanese, S.
AU - Andersson, M.
AU - Baritz, R.
AU - Batista, M. J.
AU - Bel-lan, A.
AU - Cicchella, D.
AU - De Vivo, B.
AU - De Vos, W.
AU - Dinelli, E.
AU - Ďuriš, M.
AU - Dusza-Dobek, A.
AU - Eklund, M.
AU - Ernstsen, V.
AU - Filzmoser, P.
AU - Flem, B.
AU - Flight, D. M.A.
AU - Forrester, S.
AU - Fuchs, M.
AU - Fügedi, U.
AU - Gilucis, A.
AU - Gosar, M.
AU - Gregorauskiene, V.
AU - De Groot, W.
AU - Gulan, A.
AU - Halamić, J.
AU - Haslinger, E.
AU - Hayoz, P.
AU - Hoffmann, R.
AU - Hoogewerff, J.
AU - Hrvatovic, H.
AU - Husnjak, S.
AU - Janik, L.
AU - Jordan, G.
AU - Kaminari, M.
AU - Kirby, J.
AU - Kivisilla, J.
AU - Klos, V.
AU - Krone, F.
AU - Kwećko, P.
AU - Kuti, L.
AU - Lima, A.
AU - Locutura, J.
AU - Lucivjansky, D. P.
AU - Mann, A.
AU - Mackovych, D.
AU - Matschullat, J.
AU - McLaughlin, M.
AU - Malyuk, B. I.
AU - Maquil, R.
AU - Meuli, R. G.
AU - Mol, G.
AU - O'Connor, P.
AU - Oorts, R. K.
AU - Ottesen, R. T.
AU - Pasieczna, A.
AU - Petersell, W.
AU - Pfleiderer, S.
AU - Poňavič, M.
AU - Pramuka, S.
AU - Prazeres, C.
AU - Rauch, U.
AU - Radusinović, S.
AU - Salpeteur, I.
AU - Scanlon, R.
AU - Schedl, A.
AU - Scheib, A. J.
AU - Schoeters, I.
AU - Šefčik, P.
AU - Sellersjö, E.
AU - Skopljak, F.
AU - Slaninka, I.
AU - Šorša, A.
AU - Srvkota, R.
AU - Stafilov, T.
AU - Tarvainen, T.
AU - Trendavilov, V.
AU - Valera, P.
AU - Verougstraete, V.
AU - Vidojević, D.
AU - Zissimos, A.
AU - Zomeni, Z.
N1 - Funding Information:
The GEMAS project is a cooperative project of the EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group with a number of outside organisations (e.g. Alterra, The Netherlands; Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute; Research Group Swiss Soil Monitoring Network, Swiss Research Station Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon, several Ministries of the Environment and University Departments of Geosciences, Chemistry and Mathematics in a number of European countries and New Zealand; ARCHE Consulting in Belgium; CSIRO Land and Water in Adelaide, Australia). The analytical work was co-financed by the following industry organisations: Eurometaux, European Borates Association, European Copper Institute, European Precious Metals Federation, International Antimony Association, International Lead Association-Europe, International Manganese Institute, International Molybdenum Association, International Tin Research Institute, International Zinc Association, The Cobalt Development Institute, The Nickel Institute, The (REACH) Selenium and Tellurium Consortium and The (REACH) Vanadium Consortium. The Directors of the European Geological Surveys, and the additional participating organisations, are thanked for making sampling of almost all of Europe in a tight time schedule possible. The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resourced (BGR), the Geological Survey of Norway and SGS (Canada) are thanked for special analytical input to the project.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2023/9
Y1 - 2023/9
N2 - The chemical composition of soil represents to a large extent the primary mineralogy and geochemistry of the source bedrock, the effects of pre- and post-depositional weathering and element mobility, either by leaching or mineral sorting with the addition of secondary products such as clays. Agricultural soil in Europe (0–20 cm, 33 countries, 5.6 million km2) was sampled during the continental-scale soil mapping project (GEochemical Mapping of Agricultural and grazing land Soil - GEMAS). Total element concentrations were determined by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Bulk content of major elements (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, P2O5) in soil has been used to calculate weathering indices such as chemical index of alteration (CIA), reductive and oxidative mafic indices of alteration (MIA), the change in mass balance (τ calculation relative to immobile Nb) for soil derived from silicate bedrocks (granite, gneiss and schist) at the European continental-scale, which are useful tools for evaluating chemical weathering trends. The greatest variation of CIA values is exhibited by soil derived from granite, followed by soil derived from schist. The CIA results show clearly that Ca and Na are removed from agricultural soil (0–20 cm) during soil development. Geographical distribution of weathering indices shows that weak chemical weathering of agricultural soil samples, sourced from gneissic and granitic bedrock, occurs in the Fennoscandian Shield; intermediate chemical weathering in granite, schist and gneiss occurring in the Iberian Peninsula and France, and intense chemical weathering in schist sourced agricultural soil occurring in areas with intense rainfall and moderate temperature (Wales, England, Ireland and western Iberia). In addition, values of CIA and MIA, higher than those for standard rock compositions, suggest more active enrichment/depletion processes during soil formation and subsequent soil weathering/maturation. The range of the elemental mass transfer coefficient τ is wide for agricultural soil derived from gneiss and granite, and narrow for agricultural soil sourced from schist parent rocks. The weathering behaviour of chemical elements, assessed by using the τ mass transport model, suggests an order of susceptibility of K ≈ Na > Al > Fe > Ca > Mg > Ti. Weathering indices and gain-loss mass transfer coefficients, tested on agricultural soil samples, provide an insight to the weathering processes affecting the silicate parent rocks and their impact on soil development at the European scale. This can have further implications for evaluation of soil nutritional conditions and mitigating of soil erosion and deprivation.
AB - The chemical composition of soil represents to a large extent the primary mineralogy and geochemistry of the source bedrock, the effects of pre- and post-depositional weathering and element mobility, either by leaching or mineral sorting with the addition of secondary products such as clays. Agricultural soil in Europe (0–20 cm, 33 countries, 5.6 million km2) was sampled during the continental-scale soil mapping project (GEochemical Mapping of Agricultural and grazing land Soil - GEMAS). Total element concentrations were determined by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Bulk content of major elements (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, P2O5) in soil has been used to calculate weathering indices such as chemical index of alteration (CIA), reductive and oxidative mafic indices of alteration (MIA), the change in mass balance (τ calculation relative to immobile Nb) for soil derived from silicate bedrocks (granite, gneiss and schist) at the European continental-scale, which are useful tools for evaluating chemical weathering trends. The greatest variation of CIA values is exhibited by soil derived from granite, followed by soil derived from schist. The CIA results show clearly that Ca and Na are removed from agricultural soil (0–20 cm) during soil development. Geographical distribution of weathering indices shows that weak chemical weathering of agricultural soil samples, sourced from gneissic and granitic bedrock, occurs in the Fennoscandian Shield; intermediate chemical weathering in granite, schist and gneiss occurring in the Iberian Peninsula and France, and intense chemical weathering in schist sourced agricultural soil occurring in areas with intense rainfall and moderate temperature (Wales, England, Ireland and western Iberia). In addition, values of CIA and MIA, higher than those for standard rock compositions, suggest more active enrichment/depletion processes during soil formation and subsequent soil weathering/maturation. The range of the elemental mass transfer coefficient τ is wide for agricultural soil derived from gneiss and granite, and narrow for agricultural soil sourced from schist parent rocks. The weathering behaviour of chemical elements, assessed by using the τ mass transport model, suggests an order of susceptibility of K ≈ Na > Al > Fe > Ca > Mg > Ti. Weathering indices and gain-loss mass transfer coefficients, tested on agricultural soil samples, provide an insight to the weathering processes affecting the silicate parent rocks and their impact on soil development at the European scale. This can have further implications for evaluation of soil nutritional conditions and mitigating of soil erosion and deprivation.
KW - Geochemistry
KW - Major elements
KW - Mass balance
KW - Soil
KW - Ternary plots
KW - Weathering
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85171527894&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121732
DO - 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121732
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85171527894
SN - 0009-2541
VL - 639
SP - 1
EP - 14
JO - Chemical Geology
JF - Chemical Geology
M1 - 121732
ER -