@article{8e1dc54f8ca34455a9211ac04be117f1,
title = "Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years",
abstract = "BACKGROUND: Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. METHODS: We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. RESULTS: In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.)",
keywords = "Adult, Body Mass Index, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Female, Global Health, Humans, Male, Obesity, Overweight, Pediatric Obesity, Prevalence, Journal Article",
author = "{GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators} and Ashkan Afshin and Forouzanfar, {Mohammad H.} and Reitsma, {Marissa B.} and Patrick Sur and Kara Estep and Alex Lee and Laurie Marczak and Mokdad, {Ali H.} and Maziar Moradi-Lakeh and Mohsen Naghavi and Salama, {Joseph S.} and Theo Vos and Abate, {Kalkidan H.} and Cristiana Abbafati and Ahmed, {Muktar B.} and Ziyad Al-Aly and Ala'a Alkerwi and Rajaa Al-Raddadi and Amare, {Azmeraw T.} and Alemayehu Amberbir and Amegah, {Adeladza K.} and Erfan Amini and Amrock, {Stephen M.} and Anjana, {Ranjit M.} and Johan {\"A}rnl{\"o}v and Hamid Asayesh and Amitava Banerjee and Aleksandra Barac and Estifanos Baye and Bennett, {Derrick A.} and Beyene, {Addisu S.} and Sibhatu Biadgilign and Stan Biryukov and Espen Bjertness and Boneya, {Dube J.} and Ismael Campos-Nonato and Carrero, {Juan J.} and Pedro Cecilio and Kelly Cercy and Ciobanu, {Liliana G.} and Leslie Cornaby and Damtew, {Solomon A.} and Lalit Dandona and Rakhi Dandona and Dharmaratne, {Samath D.} and Duncan, {Bruce B.} and Babak Eshrati and Alireza Esteghamati and Feigin, {Valery L.} and Fernandes, {Jo{\~a}o C.} and Thomas F{\"u}rst and Gebrehiwot, {Tsegaye T.} and Audra Gold and Gona, {Philimon N.} and Atsushi Goto and Habtewold, {Tesfa D.} and Hadush, {Kokeb T.} and Nima Hafezi-Nejad and Hay, {Simon I.} and Masako Horino and Farhad Islami and Ritul Kamal and Amir Kasaeian and Katikireddi, {Srinivasa V.} and Kengne, {Andre P.} and Kesavachandran, {Chandrasekharan N.} and Khader, {Yousef S.} and Khang, {Young Ho} and Jagdish Khubchandani and Daniel Kim and Kim, {Yun J.} and Yohannes Kinfu and Soewarta Kosen and Tiffany Ku and Defo, {Barthelemy Kuate} and Kumar, {G. Anil} and Larson, {Heidi J.} and Mall Leinsalu and Xiaofeng Liang and Lim, {Stephen S.} and Patrick Liu and Lopez, {Alan D.} and Rafael Lozano and Azeem Majeed and Reza Malekzadeh and Malta, {Deborah C.} and Mohsen Mazidi and Colm McAlinden and McGarvey, {Stephen T.} and Mengistu, {Desalegn T.} and Mensah, {George A.} and Mensink, {Gert B.M.} and Mezgebe, {Haftay B.} and Mirrakhimov, {Erkin M.} and Mueller, {Ulrich O.} and Noubiap, {Jean J.} and Obermeyer, {Carla M.} and Ogbo, {Felix A.} and Owolabi, {Mayowa O.} and Patton, {George C.} and Farshad Pourmalek and Mostafa Qorbani and Anwar Rafay and Rai, {Rajesh K.} and Ranabhat, {Chhabi L.} and Nikolas Reinig and Saeid Safiri and Salomon, {Joshua A.} and Sanabria, {Juan R.} and Santos, {Itamar S.} and Benn Sartorius and Monika Sawhney and Josef Schmidhuber and Schutte, {Aletta E.} and Schmidt, {Maria I.} and Sepanlou, {Sadaf G.} and Moretza Shamsizadeh and Sara Sheikhbahaei and Shin, {Min Jeong} and Rahman Shiri and Ivy Shiue and Roba, {Hirbo S.} and Silva, {Diego A.S.} and Silverberg, {Jonathan I.} and Singh, {Jasvinder A.} and Saverio Stranges and Soumya Swaminathan and Rafael Tabar{\'e}s-Seisdedos and Fentaw Tadese and Tedla, {Bemnet A.} and Tegegne, {Balewgizie S.} and Terkawi, {Abdullah S.} and Thakur, {J. S.} and Marcello Tonelli and Roman Topor-Madry and Stefanos Tyrovolas and Ukwaja, {Kingsley N.} and Uthman, {Olalekan A.} and Masoud Vaezghasemi and Tommi Vasankari and Vlassov, {Vasiliy V.} and Vollset, {Stein E.} and Elisabete Weiderpass and Andrea Werdecker and Joshua Wesana and Ronny Westerman and Yuichiro Yano and Naohiro Yonemoto and Gerald Yonga and Zoubida Zaidi and Zenebe, {Zerihun M.} and Ben Zipkin and Murray, {Christopher J.L.}",
note = "Funding Information: Supported by a grant (OPP1070441) from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2017 Massachusetts Medical Society.",
year = "2017",
month = jul,
day = "6",
doi = "10.1056/NEJMoa1614362",
language = "English",
volume = "377",
pages = "13--27",
journal = "New England Journal of Medicine",
issn = "0028-4793",
publisher = "Massachussetts Medical Society",
number = "1",
}
