TY - JOUR
T1 - In-kitchen aerosol exposure in twelve cities across the globe
AU - Kumar, Prashant
AU - Hama, Sarkawt
AU - Abbass, Rana Alaa
AU - Nogueira, Thiago
AU - Brand, Veronika S.
AU - Wu, Huai Wen
AU - Abulude, Francis Olawale
AU - Adelodun, Adedeji A.
AU - Anand, Partibha
AU - Andrade, Maria de Fatima
AU - Apondo, William
AU - Asfaw, Araya
AU - Aziz, Kosar Hama
AU - Cao, Shi Jie
AU - El-Gendy, Ahmed
AU - Indu, Gopika
AU - Kehbila, Anderson Gwanyebit
AU - Ketzel, Matthias
AU - Khare, Mukesh
AU - Kota, Sri Harsha
AU - Mamo, Tesfaye
AU - Manyozo, Steve
AU - Martinez, Jenny
AU - McNabola, Aonghus
AU - Morawska, Lidia
AU - Mustafa, Fryad
AU - Muula, Adamson S.
AU - Nahian, Samiha
AU - Nardocci, Adelaide Cassia
AU - Nelson, William
AU - Ngowi, Aiwerasia V.
AU - Njoroge, George
AU - Olaya, Yris
AU - Omer, Khalid
AU - Osano, Philip
AU - Sarkar Pavel, Md Riad
AU - Salam, Abdus
AU - Santos, Erik Luan Costa
AU - Sitati, Cynthia
AU - Shiva Nagendra, S. M.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was carried out under the framework of the ‘Clean Air Engineering for Homes (CArE-Homes)’, and the ‘Knowledge Transfer and Practical application of research on Indoor Air Quality (KTP-IAQ)’ projects, which is funded by the University of Surrey's Research England funding under the Global Challenge Research Fund (GCRF) programme. MFA, TN and VSB acknowledge the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP Grant No. 16/18438-0 , 16/14501-0 , and 2020/08505-8 ). We also thank all the homeowners in each city for allowing us to carry out measurements in their kitchens.
Funding Information:
This work was carried out under the framework of the ?Clean Air Engineering for Homes (CArE-Homes)?, and the ?Knowledge Transfer and Practical application of research on Indoor Air Quality (KTP-IAQ)? projects, which is funded by the University of Surrey's Research England funding under the Global Challenge Research Fund (GCRF) programme. MFA, TN and VSB acknowledge the S?o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP Grant No. 16/18438-0, 16/14501-0, and 2020/08505-8). We also thank all the homeowners in each city for allowing us to carry out measurements in their kitchens.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Author(s)
PY - 2022/4
Y1 - 2022/4
N2 - Poor ventilation and polluting cooking fuels in low-income homes cause high exposure, yet relevant global studies are limited. We assessed exposure to in-kitchen particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) employing similar instrumentation in 60 low-income homes across 12 cities: Dhaka (Bangladesh); Chennai (India); Nanjing (China); Medellín (Colombia); São Paulo (Brazil); Cairo (Egypt); Sulaymaniyah (Iraq); Addis Ababa (Ethiopia); Akure (Nigeria); Blantyre (Malawi); Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania) and Nairobi (Kenya). Exposure profiles of kitchen occupants showed that fuel, kitchen volume, cooking type and ventilation were the most prominent factors affecting in-kitchen exposure. Different cuisines resulted in varying cooking durations and disproportional exposures. Occupants in Dhaka, Nanjing, Dar-es-Salaam and Nairobi spent > 40% of their cooking time frying (the highest particle emitting cooking activity) compared with ∼ 68% of time spent boiling/stewing in Cairo, Sulaymaniyah and Akure. The highest average PM2.5 (PM10) concentrations were in Dhaka 185 ± 48 (220 ± 58) μg m−3 owing to small kitchen volume, extensive frying and prolonged cooking compared with the lowest in Medellín 10 ± 3 (14 ± 2) μg m−3. Dual ventilation (mechanical and natural) in Chennai, Cairo and Sulaymaniyah reduced average in-kitchen PM2.5 and PM10 by 2.3- and 1.8-times compared with natural ventilation (open doors) in Addis Ababa, Dar-es-Salam and Nairobi. Using charcoal during cooking (Addis Ababa, Blantyre and Nairobi) increased PM2.5 levels by 1.3- and 3.1-times compared with using natural gas (Nanjing, Medellin and Cairo) and LPG (Chennai, Sao Paulo and Sulaymaniyah), respectively. Smaller-volume kitchens (<15 m3; Dhaka and Nanjing) increased cooking exposure compared with their larger-volume counterparts (Medellin, Cairo and Sulaymaniyah). Potential exposure doses were highest for Asian, followed by African, Middle-eastern and South American homes. We recommend increased cooking exhaust extraction, cleaner fuels, awareness on improved cooking practices and minimising passive occupancy in kitchens to mitigate harmful cooking emissions.
AB - Poor ventilation and polluting cooking fuels in low-income homes cause high exposure, yet relevant global studies are limited. We assessed exposure to in-kitchen particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) employing similar instrumentation in 60 low-income homes across 12 cities: Dhaka (Bangladesh); Chennai (India); Nanjing (China); Medellín (Colombia); São Paulo (Brazil); Cairo (Egypt); Sulaymaniyah (Iraq); Addis Ababa (Ethiopia); Akure (Nigeria); Blantyre (Malawi); Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania) and Nairobi (Kenya). Exposure profiles of kitchen occupants showed that fuel, kitchen volume, cooking type and ventilation were the most prominent factors affecting in-kitchen exposure. Different cuisines resulted in varying cooking durations and disproportional exposures. Occupants in Dhaka, Nanjing, Dar-es-Salaam and Nairobi spent > 40% of their cooking time frying (the highest particle emitting cooking activity) compared with ∼ 68% of time spent boiling/stewing in Cairo, Sulaymaniyah and Akure. The highest average PM2.5 (PM10) concentrations were in Dhaka 185 ± 48 (220 ± 58) μg m−3 owing to small kitchen volume, extensive frying and prolonged cooking compared with the lowest in Medellín 10 ± 3 (14 ± 2) μg m−3. Dual ventilation (mechanical and natural) in Chennai, Cairo and Sulaymaniyah reduced average in-kitchen PM2.5 and PM10 by 2.3- and 1.8-times compared with natural ventilation (open doors) in Addis Ababa, Dar-es-Salam and Nairobi. Using charcoal during cooking (Addis Ababa, Blantyre and Nairobi) increased PM2.5 levels by 1.3- and 3.1-times compared with using natural gas (Nanjing, Medellin and Cairo) and LPG (Chennai, Sao Paulo and Sulaymaniyah), respectively. Smaller-volume kitchens (<15 m3; Dhaka and Nanjing) increased cooking exposure compared with their larger-volume counterparts (Medellin, Cairo and Sulaymaniyah). Potential exposure doses were highest for Asian, followed by African, Middle-eastern and South American homes. We recommend increased cooking exhaust extraction, cleaner fuels, awareness on improved cooking practices and minimising passive occupancy in kitchens to mitigate harmful cooking emissions.
KW - CArE-Homes Project
KW - Cooking emissions
KW - Health risk
KW - In-home aerosol exposure
KW - Lower-middle income countries
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85125887839&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107155
DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107155
M3 - Article
C2 - 35278800
AN - SCOPUS:85125887839
SN - 0160-4120
VL - 162
SP - 1
EP - 27
JO - Environment International
JF - Environment International
M1 - 107155
ER -