TY - JOUR
T1 - Intake and contribution of food groups to vitamin D intake in a representative sample of adult Greek population
AU - Dimakopoulos, Ioannis
AU - Magriplis, Emmanuella
AU - Mitsopoulou, Anastasia Vasiliki
AU - Karageorgou, Dimitra
AU - Bakogianni, Ioanna
AU - Micha, Renata
AU - Michas, George
AU - Chourdakis, Michail
AU - Chrousos, George P.
AU - Roma, Eleftheria
AU - Panagiotakos, Demosthenes B.
AU - Zampelas, Antonis
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors acknowledge the following field workers (in alphabetical order based on surname): Ioanna Adami, Aggeliki Anastasiou, Elisavet Anestiadou, Nikolaos Altanis, Georgios Arguropoulos, Euaggelia Arvanitidou, Anastasios Barounis, Alexandra Basdeki, Polychronis Bazakidis, Dimitra Borsa, Vasileia Chatzistergiou, Theodoros Chrysanidis, Konstantinos Daskalou, Chrysaugi Galanaki, Chrysanthi Gerasimatou, Arriana Gkouvi, Lampros Grampsas, Eleni Ioannidi, Vasiliki Kanaki, Eustratios Karagiannidis, Eirini Kasapidou, Vasiliki Katseni, Georgios Koktsidis, Eirini Konstantakou, Andronikos Kostakidis, Sotiria Kottara, Eleutheria Kourliti, Maria Kourtidou, Aikaterini Lymperopoulou, Nikoleta Markoglou, Aikaterini Markou, Anna Mauromanoli, Panagiota Merou, Areti Miha, Marianna Moira, Ioannis Moschakis, Dimitra Mougopetrou, Konstantina Mouliou, Andromachi Mourtzouhou, Vasiliki Moustakaki, Vissarios Moutsanas, Maria-Aggeliki Mpoulet, Evangelia Nanou, Ioannis Nikolaidis, Giannos-Aggelos Nikolaou, Sakellarios Panagiotakis, Eirini Panagiotou, Panagiotis Papadopoulos, Vasiliki Papageorgiou, Nikolaos Papaspanos, Olga Papazisi, Euthymia-Iro Pappa, Eufrosyni Patiraki, Konstantinos Petsanis, Maria-Christina Polychronopoulou, Nikolitsa Psylia, Alexandros Sachinidis, Avraam Sarafopoulos, Paraskevi Seferidi, Christos Sifnaios, Dimitra Stauropoulou, Myrto Stavrou, Chrysanthi Tatsi, Nena Theodoridou, Anna Theou, Christina-Yakinthi Tzotziou, Georgios Vergos, Agapi Vlachou, Anastasia Xatziapostolou, Iliana Xatzifragou, Adela Zana. The authors acknowledge the following contributors: Evangelia Fappa, Eleni-Maria Theodoraki, Theodora-Eirini Sialvera, Aggeliki Varytimiadi, Eleni Spyreli, Eirini Trichia, George Karlis, Stauroula Zacharia, and Anna Papageorgiou, Kostantina Argyri, Antonis Koutelidakis, Triantafyllia Ntouroupi, Sophia-Maria Tsaniklidou, who all contributed to the writing of the protocols and the data collection in the field. The authors also acknowledge George Chroussos GC, George Dimitriadis GD, George Dedousis GD, Yannis Manios YM, and Eleftheia Roma ER, who acted as external advisory committee. Renata Micha reports grants from ?IH/NHLBI, grants from Unilever R&D, grants from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, personal fees from World Bank and personal fees from Bunge. The study was co-funded by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund) under the Operational Program "Human Resources Development 2007-2013? and had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this article. AZ conceptualized, designed, and served as principal investigator of the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey. AZ and RM coordinated the design of the data collection instruments, and coordinated and supervised data collection. GM supervised the medical data collection. ID, AVM, DK, and IB were involved in every step of the study and made substantial contributions to the design and methodology of data collection as well as the acquisition of data and training of field workers. DBP coordinated sample collection methodology. ID conceptualized this study, carried out all statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. EM supervised the preparation of the database and revised the manuscript. MC contributed to parts of methodology. ER and GC revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. RM received grants from ?IH/NHLBI, grants from Unilever R&D, grants from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, personal fees from World Bank and personal fees from Bunge. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding Information:
Renata Micha reports grants from ΝIH/NHLBI, grants from Unilever R&D, grants from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, personal fees from World Bank and personal fees from Bunge.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Elsevier Inc.
Funding Information:
The study was co-funded by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund) under the Operational Program "Human Resources Development 2007-2013” and had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this article. AZ conceptualized, designed, and served as principal investigator of the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey. AZ and RM coordinated the design of the data collection instruments, and coordinated and supervised data collection. GM supervised the medical data collection. ID, AVM, DK, and IB were involved in every step of the study and made substantial contributions to the design and methodology of data collection as well as the acquisition of data and training of field workers. DBP coordinated sample collection methodology. ID conceptualized this study, carried out all statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. EM supervised the preparation of the database and revised the manuscript. MC contributed to parts of methodology. ER and GC revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. RM received grants from ΝIH/NHLBI, grants from Unilever R&D, grants from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, personal fees from World Bank and personal fees from Bunge. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding Information:
The authors acknowledge the following field workers (in alphabetical order based on surname): Ioanna Adami, Aggeliki Anastasiou, Elisavet Anestiadou, Nikolaos Altanis, Georgios Arguropoulos, Euaggelia Arvanitidou, Anastasios Barounis, Alexandra Basdeki, Polychronis Bazakidis, Dimitra Borsa, Vasileia Chatzistergiou, Theodoros Chrysanidis, Konstantinos Daskalou, Chrysaugi Galanaki, Chrysanthi Gerasimatou, Arriana Gkouvi, Lampros Grampsas, Eleni Ioannidi, Vasiliki Kanaki, Eustratios Karagiannidis, Eirini Kasapidou, Vasiliki Katseni, Georgios Koktsidis, Eirini Konstantakou, Andronikos Kostakidis, Sotiria Kottara, Eleutheria Kourliti, Maria Kourtidou, Aikaterini Lymperopoulou, Nikoleta Markoglou, Aikaterini Markou, Anna Mauromanoli, Panagiota Merou, Areti Miha, Marianna Moira, Ioannis Moschakis, Dimitra Mougopetrou, Konstantina Mouliou, Andromachi Mourtzouhou, Vasiliki Moustakaki, Vissarios Moutsanas, Maria-Aggeliki Mpoulet, Evangelia Nanou, Ioannis Nikolaidis, Giannos-Aggelos Nikolaou, Sakellarios Panagiotakis, Eirini Panagiotou, Panagiotis Papadopoulos, Vasiliki Papageorgiou, Nikolaos Papaspanos, Olga Papazisi, Euthymia-Iro Pappa, Eufrosyni Patiraki, Konstantinos Petsanis, Maria-Christina Polychronopoulou, Nikolitsa Psylia, Alexandros Sachinidis, Avraam Sarafopoulos, Paraskevi Seferidi, Christos Sifnaios, Dimitra Stauropoulou, Myrto Stavrou, Chrysanthi Tatsi, Nena Theodoridou, Anna Theou, Christina-Yakinthi Tzotziou, Georgios Vergos, Agapi Vlachou, Anastasia Xatziapostolou, Iliana Xatzifragou, Adela Zana. The authors acknowledge the following contributors: Evangelia Fappa, Eleni-Maria Theodoraki, Theodora-Eirini Sialvera, Aggeliki Varytimiadi, Eleni Spyreli, Eirini Trichia, George Karlis, Stauroula Zacharia, and Anna Papageorgiou, Kostantina Argyri, Antonis Koutelidakis, Triantafyllia Ntouroupi, Sophia-Maria Tsaniklidou, who all contributed to the writing of the protocols and the data collection in the field. The authors also acknowledge George Chroussos GC, George Dimitriadis GD, George Dedousis GD, Yannis Manios YM, and Eleftheia Roma ER, who acted as external advisory committee. Renata Micha reports grants from ΝIH/NHLBI, grants from Unilever R&D, grants from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, personal fees from World Bank and personal fees from Bunge. The study was co-funded by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund) under the Operational Program "Human Resources Development 2007-2013” and had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this article. AZ conceptualized, designed, and served as principal investigator of the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey. AZ and RM coordinated the design of the data collection instruments, and coordinated and supervised data collection. GM supervised the medical data collection. ID, AVM, DK, and IB were involved in every step of the study and made substantial contributions to the design and methodology of data collection as well as the acquisition of data and training of field workers. DBP coordinated sample collection methodology. ID conceptualized this study, carried out all statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. EM supervised the preparation of the database and revised the manuscript. MC contributed to parts of methodology. ER and GC revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. RM received grants from ΝIH/NHLBI, grants from Unilever R&D, grants from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, personal fees from World Bank and personal fees from Bunge. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2020/4
Y1 - 2020/4
N2 - Objectives: Globally, vitamin D intake from food and supplements is low, consistent with the high prevalence of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. The aims of this study were to assess vitamin D intake and major relevant food contributors among Greek adults and to propose subsequent policies for intervention. Methods: Vitamin D from diet and supplements was estimated in adults (≥19 y of age) from two 24-h recalls using the Automated Multiple-Pass Method (vitamin D from food intake) and a drug and supplement questionnaire (vitamin D supplements). Over- and underreporters were identified using the Goldberg cutoff. The final analysis included 2218 individuals. The National Research Council method was used to account for within- and between-person variation. Vitamin D food intake adequacy was estimated based on the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 10 mcg/d, set by the Institute of Medicine. Major foods contributing to intake were identified and the effect on meeting EAR, of a potential food fortification example was examined. Results: Median vitamin D intake from food ranged from 1.16 to 1.72 and 1.01 to 1.26mcg/d in different age groups in men and women, respectively. Major food sources of vitamin D were fish (46%), meat (15%), and cereals (12%); however, >90% of the population in all age groups failed to meet the EAR, even when supplemental use was accounted for (~5% of the population consumed supplements). Conclusion: Overall vitamin D intake is below the average requirements. Public health policies to increase the consumption of foods high in vitamin D or food fortification may significantly reduce the percentage of individuals who do not meet the recommendations.
AB - Objectives: Globally, vitamin D intake from food and supplements is low, consistent with the high prevalence of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. The aims of this study were to assess vitamin D intake and major relevant food contributors among Greek adults and to propose subsequent policies for intervention. Methods: Vitamin D from diet and supplements was estimated in adults (≥19 y of age) from two 24-h recalls using the Automated Multiple-Pass Method (vitamin D from food intake) and a drug and supplement questionnaire (vitamin D supplements). Over- and underreporters were identified using the Goldberg cutoff. The final analysis included 2218 individuals. The National Research Council method was used to account for within- and between-person variation. Vitamin D food intake adequacy was estimated based on the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 10 mcg/d, set by the Institute of Medicine. Major foods contributing to intake were identified and the effect on meeting EAR, of a potential food fortification example was examined. Results: Median vitamin D intake from food ranged from 1.16 to 1.72 and 1.01 to 1.26mcg/d in different age groups in men and women, respectively. Major food sources of vitamin D were fish (46%), meat (15%), and cereals (12%); however, >90% of the population in all age groups failed to meet the EAR, even when supplemental use was accounted for (~5% of the population consumed supplements). Conclusion: Overall vitamin D intake is below the average requirements. Public health policies to increase the consumption of foods high in vitamin D or food fortification may significantly reduce the percentage of individuals who do not meet the recommendations.
KW - adults
KW - diet
KW - fortification
KW - Greece
KW - Vitamin D
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85077454314&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110641
DO - 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110641
M3 - Article
C2 - 31918051
AN - SCOPUS:85077454314
SN - 0899-9007
VL - 72
SP - 1
EP - 9
JO - Nutrition
JF - Nutrition
M1 - 110641
ER -
