Setting Expectations for the Ecological Condition of Streams: The Concept of Reference Condition

John Stoddard, David Larsen, Charles Hawkins, Richard Johnson, Richard Norris

    Research output: Contribution to conference (non-published works)Abstract

    Abstract

    An important component of the biological assessment of stream condition is an evaluation of the direct or indirect effects of human activities or disturbances. The concept of a ‘‘reference condition’’ is increasingly used to describe the standard or benchmark against
    which current condition is compared. Many individual nations, and the European Union as a whole, have codified the concept of reference condition in legislation aimed at protecting and improving the ecological condition of streams. However, the phrase ‘‘reference condition’’ has many meanings in a variety of contexts. One of the primary purposes of this paper is to bring
    some consistency to the use of the term. We argue the need for a ‘‘reference condition’’ term that is reserved for referring to the ‘‘naturalness’’ of the biota (structure and function) and that naturalness implies the absence of significant human disturbance or alteration. To avoid the confusion that arises when alternative definitions of reference condition are used, we propose that the original concept of reference condition be preserved in this modified form of the term: ‘‘reference condition for biological integrity,’’ or RC(BI). We further urge that these specific terms be used to refer to the concepts and methods used in individual bioassessments to
    characterize the expected condition to which current conditions are compared: ‘‘minimally disturbed condition’’ (MDC); ‘‘historical condition’’ (HC); ‘‘least disturbed condition’’ (LDC); and ‘‘best attainable condition’’ (BAC). We argue that each of these concepts can be narrowly defined, and each implies specific methods for estimating expectations. We also describe current methods by which these expectations are estimated including: the reference-site approach (condition at minimally or least-disturbed sites); best professional judgment; interpretation of historical condition; extrapolation of empirical models; and evaluation of ambient distributions. Because different assumptions about what constitutes reference condition will have important effects on the final classification of streams into condition classes, we urge that bioassessments be consistent in describing the definitions and methods used to set expectations.
    Original languageEnglish
    Pages1-10
    Number of pages10
    Publication statusPublished - 2005
    EventNorth American Benthological Society Annual Meeting - Louisiana, United States
    Duration: 1 Jan 2005 → …

    Conference

    ConferenceNorth American Benthological Society Annual Meeting
    Country/TerritoryUnited States
    CityLouisiana
    Period1/01/05 → …

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