TY - JOUR
T1 - Severely vitamin D-deficient athletes present smaller hearts than sufficient athletes
AU - Allison, Richard J.
AU - Close, Graeme L
AU - Farooq, Abdulaziz
AU - Riding, Nathan R.
AU - Salah, Othman
AU - Hamilton, Bruce
AU - Wilson, Mathew G.
PY - 2015/4/15
Y1 - 2015/4/15
N2 - Background: Vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency has associations with bowl/colon cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Many athletes are vitamin D deficient, yet no studies have examined the association between 25(OH)D status and cardiac structure and function in healthy athletes. Design: A total of 506 national-level athletes [football (50%), handball (23%), volleyball (16%), and basketball (11%)] and 244 control participants presented for precompetition medical assessment. Controls were healthy individuals registered with a sporting federation undertaking <2 h of exercise per week. Methods: All individuals undertook a physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and serum 25(OH)D evaluation. Results: From 506 athletes and 244 controls, 23 and 12.3% demonstrated 25(OH)D sufficiency (>30 ng/ml), 30 and 23.4% insufficiency (20-30 ng/ml), 37.2 and 48.8% deficiency (10-20 ng/ml), and 11 and 15.6% severe deficiency (<10 ng/ml). Severely 25(OH)D-deficient athletes present significantly (p<0.05) smaller aortic root and left atria diameters, intraventricular septum diameter (IVSd), left ventricular diameter during diastole (LVIDd), left ventricular mass (LVM), left ventricular volume during diastole (LVvolD), and right atrial (RA) area than insufficient and sufficient athletes. Furthermore, following logarithmic transformation adjusting 25(OH)D for age, body surface area, ethnicity, and athletic participation, positive associations were observed between 25(OH)D and IVSd, LVIDd, posterior wall thickness during diastole, LVM, and LVvolD in athletes but not in the control participants. Conclusions: Severely 25(OH)D-deficient athletes present significantly smaller cardiac structural parameters than insufficient and sufficient athletes. Future research should investigate the precise mechanism(s) causing cardiac hypertrophy with increases in serum 25(OH)D in healthy athletes.
AB - Background: Vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency has associations with bowl/colon cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Many athletes are vitamin D deficient, yet no studies have examined the association between 25(OH)D status and cardiac structure and function in healthy athletes. Design: A total of 506 national-level athletes [football (50%), handball (23%), volleyball (16%), and basketball (11%)] and 244 control participants presented for precompetition medical assessment. Controls were healthy individuals registered with a sporting federation undertaking <2 h of exercise per week. Methods: All individuals undertook a physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and serum 25(OH)D evaluation. Results: From 506 athletes and 244 controls, 23 and 12.3% demonstrated 25(OH)D sufficiency (>30 ng/ml), 30 and 23.4% insufficiency (20-30 ng/ml), 37.2 and 48.8% deficiency (10-20 ng/ml), and 11 and 15.6% severe deficiency (<10 ng/ml). Severely 25(OH)D-deficient athletes present significantly (p<0.05) smaller aortic root and left atria diameters, intraventricular septum diameter (IVSd), left ventricular diameter during diastole (LVIDd), left ventricular mass (LVM), left ventricular volume during diastole (LVvolD), and right atrial (RA) area than insufficient and sufficient athletes. Furthermore, following logarithmic transformation adjusting 25(OH)D for age, body surface area, ethnicity, and athletic participation, positive associations were observed between 25(OH)D and IVSd, LVIDd, posterior wall thickness during diastole, LVM, and LVvolD in athletes but not in the control participants. Conclusions: Severely 25(OH)D-deficient athletes present significantly smaller cardiac structural parameters than insufficient and sufficient athletes. Future research should investigate the precise mechanism(s) causing cardiac hypertrophy with increases in serum 25(OH)D in healthy athletes.
KW - Athlete's heart
KW - cardiac structure and function
KW - vitamin D deficiency
KW - Severity of Illness Index
KW - Echocardiography
KW - Heart/growth & development
KW - Humans
KW - Risk Factors
KW - Organ Size
KW - Male
KW - Athletes
KW - Case-Control Studies
KW - Young Adult
KW - Cardiomegaly, Exercise-Induced
KW - Vitamin D Deficiency/blood
KW - Biomarkers
KW - Electrocardiography
KW - Adult
KW - Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84924961868&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.mendeley.com/research/severely-vitamin-ddeficient-athletes-present-smaller-hearts-sufficient-athletes
U2 - 10.1177/2047487313518473
DO - 10.1177/2047487313518473
M3 - Article
C2 - 24398372
AN - SCOPUS:84924961868
SN - 2047-4873
VL - 22
SP - 535
EP - 542
JO - European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
JF - European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
IS - 4
ER -