@article{75079dc35c1e402c9ccfeccd1a1c90d6,
title = "The influence of residence time and geographic extent on the strength of plant–soil feedbacks for naturalised Trifolium",
abstract = "Release from natural enemies is considered an important mechanism underlying the success of plants introduced to new regions, but the degree to which alien plant species benefit from enemy release appears highly variable and context-dependent. Such variation could arise if enemy release is a transient phenomenon, whereby alien plant species initially escape but subsequently accumulate enemies in their new regions. To evaluate this hypothesis in terms of soil biota, we used 11 Trifolium (clover) species introduced to New Zealand from Europe to test whether species resident for longer or with a larger geographic extent in New Zealand were more adversely affected by soil communities in the introduced range, as expected if species have accumulated inhibitory soil biota over time. We used plant–soil feedback (PSF) experiments to compare the effect of soil biota on the growth of the Trifolium species in soil from their introduced (New Zealand) and native (Spain and the United Kingdom) ranges. We applied a novel statistical approach aimed at isolating the impact of antagonistic soil biota by accounting for variation in plant growth due to mutualistic rhizobia bacteria. The between-range differences in PSF varied considerably among the Trifolium species: some species were released from inhibitory PSF in the introduced range, but the majority experienced similar PSF in both ranges. Averaged over all 11 Trifolium species, PSF was less inhibitory in the introduced than in the native range, implying some release from soil-borne enemies. However, neither residence time nor geographic extent in the introduced range was significantly correlated with the strength of release from inhibitory PSF. Synthesis. Our multispecies study provides some evidence that alien plants can escape antagonistic soil biota in their introduced range, but highlights how plant–soil feedback responses can be highly variable among congeneric plant species in the same region. Our results do not support the hypothesis that the release from inhibitory plant–soil feedback is transient, questioning the generality of this phenomenon.",
keywords = "alien, biological invasion, enemy release, exotic, invasion ecology, naturalisation, plant–soil (below-ground) interactions, soil biota, weed",
author = "McGinn, {Kevin J.} and {van der Putten}, {Wim H.} and Hulme, {Philip E.} and Natasha Shelby and Carolin Weser and Duncan, {Richard P.}",
note = "Funding Information: We are very grateful to colleagues at Lincoln University and the Netherlands Institute of Ecology for logistical and glasshouse support, including Andrew Holyoake, Brent Richards, Jenny Brooks, Leona Meachen, Norma Merrick, Ciska Raaijmakers, Gregor Disveld and Roel Wagenaar. We thank the following people for field work and glasshouse assistance: Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte, Cheryl and Jenny McGinn, Jen Lines, Alaina Thomas, Jenny Pannell, Carla Oplaat, Ben Wiseman, Emily Fountain, Robin Walls, Eric Clements, Jose Vicente Ferrandez and Daniel GD唀meGzarcD? Wa.e also thank the following germplasm institutions for providing Trifolium seed: Aberystwyth University, Herbiseed, and the Millennium Seed Bank, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. We are grateful to two anonymous referees for their helpful comments. This work was supported by a grant from the Marsden Fund of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Funding Information: We are very grateful to colleagues at Lincoln University and the Netherlands Institute of Ecology for logistical and glasshouse support, including Andrew Holyoake, Brent Richards, Jenny Brooks, Leona Meachen, Norma Merrick, Ciska Raaijmakers, Gregor Disveld and Roel Wagenaar. We thank the following people for field work and glasshouse assistance: Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte, Cheryl and Jenny McGinn, Jen Lines, Alaina Thomas, Jenny Pannell, Carla Oplaat, Ben Wiseman, Emily Fountain, Robin Walls, Eric Clements, Jose Vicente Ferrandez and Daniel G{\'o}mez Garc{\'i}a. We also thank the following germplasm institutions for providing Trifolium seed: Aberystwyth University, Herbiseed, and the Millennium Seed Bank, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. We are grateful to two anonymous referees for their helpful comments. This work was supported by a grant from the Marsden Fund of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 The Authors. Journal of Ecology {\textcopyright} 2017 British Ecological Society",
year = "2018",
month = jan,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1111/1365-2745.12864",
language = "English",
volume = "106",
pages = "207--217",
journal = "Journal of Ecology",
issn = "0022-0477",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "1",
}