Abstract
Purpose: To determine if a series of trials with fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2) content deception could improve 4000-m cycling time-trial (TT) performance. Methods: A total of 15 trained male cyclists (mean [SD] body mass 74.2 [8.0] kg, peak oxygen uptake 62 [6] mL·kg −1·min −1) completed six 4000-m cycling TTs in a semirandomized order. After a familiarization TT, cyclists were informed in 2 initial trials they were inspiring normoxic air (NORM, FiO 2 0.21); however, in 1 trial (deception condition), they inspired hyperoxic air (NORM-DEC, FiO 2 0.36). During 2 subsequent TTs, cyclists were informed they were inspiring hyperoxic air (HYPER, FiO 2 0.36), but in 1 trial, normoxic air was inspired (HYPER-DEC). In the final TT (NORM-INFORM), the deception was revealed and cyclists were asked to reproduce their best TT performance while inspiring normoxic air. Results: Greater power output and faster performances occurred when cyclists inspired hyperoxic air in both truthful (HYPER) and deceptive (NORM-DEC) trials than NORM (P < .001). However, performance only improved in NORM-INFORM (377 W; 95% confidence interval [CI] 325–429) vs NORM (352 W; 95% CI 299–404; P < .001) when participants (n = 4) completed the trials in the following order: NORM-DEC, NORM, HYPER-DEC, HYPER. Conclusions: Cycling performance improved with acute exposure to hyperoxia. Mechanisms for the improvement were likely physiological; however, improvement in a deception trial suggests an additional placebo effect. Finally, a particular sequence of oxygen deception trials may have built psychophysiological belief in cyclists such that performance improved in a subsequent normoxic trial.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 949–957 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| Journal | International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance |
| Volume | 14 |
| Issue number | 7 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2019 |
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The Potential to Change Pacing and Performance During 4000-m Cycling Time Trials Using Hyperoxia and Inspired Gas-Content Deception. / Davies, Michael J; Clark, Bradley; Garvican-Lewis, Laura A; Welvaert, Marijke; Gore, Christopher J; Thompson, Kevin G.
In: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, Vol. 14, No. 7, 2019, p. 949–957.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
TY - JOUR
T1 - The Potential to Change Pacing and Performance During 4000-m Cycling Time Trials Using Hyperoxia and Inspired Gas-Content Deception
AU - Davies, Michael J
AU - Clark, Bradley
AU - Garvican-Lewis, Laura A
AU - Welvaert, Marijke
AU - Gore, Christopher J
AU - Thompson, Kevin G
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - Purpose: To determine if a series of trials with fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2) content deception could improve 4000-m cycling time-trial (TT) performance. Methods: A total of 15 trained male cyclists (mean [SD] body mass 74.2 [8.0] kg, peak oxygen uptake 62 [6] mL·kg −1·min −1) completed six 4000-m cycling TTs in a semirandomized order. After a familiarization TT, cyclists were informed in 2 initial trials they were inspiring normoxic air (NORM, FiO 2 0.21); however, in 1 trial (deception condition), they inspired hyperoxic air (NORM-DEC, FiO 2 0.36). During 2 subsequent TTs, cyclists were informed they were inspiring hyperoxic air (HYPER, FiO 2 0.36), but in 1 trial, normoxic air was inspired (HYPER-DEC). In the final TT (NORM-INFORM), the deception was revealed and cyclists were asked to reproduce their best TT performance while inspiring normoxic air. Results: Greater power output and faster performances occurred when cyclists inspired hyperoxic air in both truthful (HYPER) and deceptive (NORM-DEC) trials than NORM (P < .001). However, performance only improved in NORM-INFORM (377 W; 95% confidence interval [CI] 325–429) vs NORM (352 W; 95% CI 299–404; P < .001) when participants (n = 4) completed the trials in the following order: NORM-DEC, NORM, HYPER-DEC, HYPER. Conclusions: Cycling performance improved with acute exposure to hyperoxia. Mechanisms for the improvement were likely physiological; however, improvement in a deception trial suggests an additional placebo effect. Finally, a particular sequence of oxygen deception trials may have built psychophysiological belief in cyclists such that performance improved in a subsequent normoxic trial.
AB - Purpose: To determine if a series of trials with fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2) content deception could improve 4000-m cycling time-trial (TT) performance. Methods: A total of 15 trained male cyclists (mean [SD] body mass 74.2 [8.0] kg, peak oxygen uptake 62 [6] mL·kg −1·min −1) completed six 4000-m cycling TTs in a semirandomized order. After a familiarization TT, cyclists were informed in 2 initial trials they were inspiring normoxic air (NORM, FiO 2 0.21); however, in 1 trial (deception condition), they inspired hyperoxic air (NORM-DEC, FiO 2 0.36). During 2 subsequent TTs, cyclists were informed they were inspiring hyperoxic air (HYPER, FiO 2 0.36), but in 1 trial, normoxic air was inspired (HYPER-DEC). In the final TT (NORM-INFORM), the deception was revealed and cyclists were asked to reproduce their best TT performance while inspiring normoxic air. Results: Greater power output and faster performances occurred when cyclists inspired hyperoxic air in both truthful (HYPER) and deceptive (NORM-DEC) trials than NORM (P < .001). However, performance only improved in NORM-INFORM (377 W; 95% confidence interval [CI] 325–429) vs NORM (352 W; 95% CI 299–404; P < .001) when participants (n = 4) completed the trials in the following order: NORM-DEC, NORM, HYPER-DEC, HYPER. Conclusions: Cycling performance improved with acute exposure to hyperoxia. Mechanisms for the improvement were likely physiological; however, improvement in a deception trial suggests an additional placebo effect. Finally, a particular sequence of oxygen deception trials may have built psychophysiological belief in cyclists such that performance improved in a subsequent normoxic trial.
KW - exercise reserve
KW - feedback
KW - placebo
KW - pacing strategy
KW - oxygen content
KW - Pacing strategy
KW - Feedback
KW - Placebo
KW - Oxygen content
KW - Exercise reserve
UR - http://www.mendeley.com/research/potential-change-pacing-performance-during-4000m-cycling-time-trials-using-hyperoxia-inspired-gascon
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85071434435&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0335
DO - 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0335
M3 - Article
VL - 14
SP - 949
EP - 957
JO - International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
JF - International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
SN - 1555-0265
IS - 7
ER -