TY - JOUR
T1 - The Potential to Change Pacing and Performance During 4000-m Cycling Time Trials Using Hyperoxia and Inspired Gas-Content Deception
AU - Davies, Michael J
AU - Clark, Bradley
AU - Garvican-Lewis, Laura A
AU - Welvaert, Marijke
AU - Gore, Christopher J
AU - Thompson, Kevin G
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors wish to acknowledge the tireless technical assistance of Jamie Plowman, practical expertise from Drs Philo Saunders and Dale Chapman, and assistance in data collection by Alannah McKay and Steven Hughes (Australian Institute of Sport).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Human Kinetics, Inc.
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - Purpose: To determine if a series of trials with fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO
2) content deception could improve 4000-m cycling time-trial (TT) performance. Methods: A total of 15 trained male cyclists (mean [SD] body mass 74.2 [8.0] kg, peak oxygen uptake 62 [6] mL·kg
−1·min
−1) completed six 4000-m cycling TTs in a semirandomized order. After a familiarization TT, cyclists were informed in 2 initial trials they were inspiring normoxic air (NORM, FiO
2 0.21); however, in 1 trial (deception condition), they inspired hyperoxic air (NORM-DEC, FiO
2 0.36). During 2 subsequent TTs, cyclists were informed they were inspiring hyperoxic air (HYPER, FiO
2 0.36), but in 1 trial, normoxic air was inspired (HYPER-DEC). In the final TT (NORM-INFORM), the deception was revealed and cyclists were asked to reproduce their best TT performance while inspiring normoxic air. Results: Greater power output and faster performances occurred when cyclists inspired hyperoxic air in both truthful (HYPER) and deceptive (NORM-DEC) trials than NORM (P < .001). However, performance only improved in NORM-INFORM (377 W; 95% confidence interval [CI] 325–429) vs NORM (352 W; 95% CI 299–404; P < .001) when participants (n = 4) completed the trials in the following order: NORM-DEC, NORM, HYPER-DEC, HYPER. Conclusions: Cycling performance improved with acute exposure to hyperoxia. Mechanisms for the improvement were likely physiological; however, improvement in a deception trial suggests an additional placebo effect. Finally, a particular sequence of oxygen deception trials may have built psychophysiological belief in cyclists such that performance improved in a subsequent normoxic trial.
AB - Purpose: To determine if a series of trials with fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO
2) content deception could improve 4000-m cycling time-trial (TT) performance. Methods: A total of 15 trained male cyclists (mean [SD] body mass 74.2 [8.0] kg, peak oxygen uptake 62 [6] mL·kg
−1·min
−1) completed six 4000-m cycling TTs in a semirandomized order. After a familiarization TT, cyclists were informed in 2 initial trials they were inspiring normoxic air (NORM, FiO
2 0.21); however, in 1 trial (deception condition), they inspired hyperoxic air (NORM-DEC, FiO
2 0.36). During 2 subsequent TTs, cyclists were informed they were inspiring hyperoxic air (HYPER, FiO
2 0.36), but in 1 trial, normoxic air was inspired (HYPER-DEC). In the final TT (NORM-INFORM), the deception was revealed and cyclists were asked to reproduce their best TT performance while inspiring normoxic air. Results: Greater power output and faster performances occurred when cyclists inspired hyperoxic air in both truthful (HYPER) and deceptive (NORM-DEC) trials than NORM (P < .001). However, performance only improved in NORM-INFORM (377 W; 95% confidence interval [CI] 325–429) vs NORM (352 W; 95% CI 299–404; P < .001) when participants (n = 4) completed the trials in the following order: NORM-DEC, NORM, HYPER-DEC, HYPER. Conclusions: Cycling performance improved with acute exposure to hyperoxia. Mechanisms for the improvement were likely physiological; however, improvement in a deception trial suggests an additional placebo effect. Finally, a particular sequence of oxygen deception trials may have built psychophysiological belief in cyclists such that performance improved in a subsequent normoxic trial.
KW - exercise reserve
KW - feedback
KW - placebo
KW - pacing strategy
KW - oxygen content
KW - Pacing strategy
KW - Feedback
KW - Placebo
KW - Oxygen content
KW - Exercise reserve
UR - http://www.mendeley.com/research/potential-change-pacing-performance-during-4000m-cycling-time-trials-using-hyperoxia-inspired-gascon
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85071434435&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0335
DO - 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0335
M3 - Article
C2 - 30676139
VL - 14
SP - 949
EP - 957
JO - International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
JF - International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
SN - 1555-0265
IS - 7
ER -