Environmental regulations, environmental & social performance and company’s financial performance: an empirical study on Indonesian listed and state-owned

Abstract

This thesis provides an empirical study of the effect of environmental regulations on environmental and social performance (ESP),the effect of ESP on financial performance (FP),and the effect of FP on ESP for Indonesian listed companies and stated-owned enterprises (SOEs). This study also provides a comparison between listed companies and SOEs in terms of the effect of ESP on FP, and vice versa. In 2007,the Indonesian government implemented Article 74 of Corporate Law No. 40/2007 and Article 15 of Investment Law No. 25/2007. Those two regulations require all corporations to implement actions to address corporate environmental and social responsibility obligations, and to report on those actions. The regulations require companies to allocate part of their budgets to managing their surrounding natural environment and society. The purpose of the regulations is to protect nature and society from the impacts of business. However, the enactment of those regulations has created conflict between government and the business community in Indonesia. Enactment of the regulations may not be an effective way to improve corporate performance in protecting the environment, and it is unclear whether implementation of the regulations has hurt or helped the enterprises to improve their economic and financial positions. The study implemented T-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and univariate analysis to examine the effect of environmental regulation on ESPs. The study also selected multiple regression models using dummy variables to analyse the effect of ESP on FP and an ordered response model to discuss the effect of FP on ESP. Both multiple regression models and the ordered response model were then used to compare the performance of listed companies and SOEs in terms of the effect of ESP on FP, and vice versa. The study finds that environmental regulations have a significant influence on ESP. After the enactment of the regulations in Indonesia, ESP for Indonesian companies improved. Many listed companies and SOEs not only complied with the regulations but also took action that exceeded what was required to meet the compliance level. However, companies needed time to implement action that would affect ESP. Both listed companies and SOEs needed around three years to achieve ESP that met or went beyond the level of compliance. The study also provides evidence that a high ESP significantly enhances listed companies‘ return on assets (ROA) and Tobin‘s Q but does not significantly affect return on equity (ROE). The Indonesian listed companies with ESPs that exceeded what was required for compliance had higher ROAs and Tobin‘s Q than the companies that performed at or below the compliance level. Listed companies that complied or went beyond the compliance level had better ROE than companies that did not achieve compliance, even though ESP did not have a significant impact on ROE. Moreover, ESP has been proven to not significantly affect ROA for SOEs, but it does have a significant effect on ROEs for SOEs. The study discovers that the financial position of listed companies (ROA,ROE and Tobin‘s Q) has a significant influence on ESP. On the other hand, the effect of FP on ESP for SOEs is twofold: ROA has no significant influence on ESP for SOEs, but ROE does. Furthermore, the study finds that listed companies have lower performance compared with SOEs in terms of the effect of FP on ESP and the effect of ESP on FP. However, this estimated difference appears only when other variables – that is, leverage, size, current ratio and margin – are all set to zero, which is not close to being a possible scenario. When the other variables are not zero, the difference in performance between listed companies and SOEs might have different results. The findings have several implications for theory, policy and practice. Firstly, the study supports the Porter hypothesis, stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory and slack resource theory in the Indonesian context. Secondly, the study shows that regulating environmental and social issues is an effective way to protect nature and society from business operations without harming companies. The findings in Indonesia can be applied to regulations around environmental and social responsibility in other countries. Thirdly, the finding that FP has a positive effect on ESP, and vice versa, can be a reference for managers in Indonesian listed companies and SOEs, indicating the need to integrate environmental and social issues with financial strategies in their strategic management programs, in order to improve their sustainability and triple bottom line – that is, their financial, social and environmental performance.

Date of Award	2018
Original language	English
Supervisor	Abu MOLLIK (Supervisor) & Monir Mir (Supervisor)